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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Alexander Heifetz, Xin Huang, Roberto Ponciroli, Sasan Bakhtiari, Richard Vilim (ANL), Jafar Saniie (IIT)
Proceedings | Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control, and Human-Machine Interface Technolgies (NPIC&HMIT 2019) | Orlando, FL, February 9-14, 2019 | Pages 49-58
Transmission of information using elastic waves on existing metallic pipes provides an alternative communication option for a nuclear facility. The advantages of this approach consist of transmitting information through barriers, such as the containment building wall, and providing an option for nuclear facility physical cybersecurity. Ultrasonic carrier frequency elastic shear waves confined to a metallic pipe create a communication channel which is difficult to eavesdrop on without direct physical contact. Compared electric or fiber optic cables, the communication channel consisting of a thick nuclear-grade stainless steel pipe is resilient to physical damage, such as channel severing. In this paper, we discuss acoustic communication system design considerations, including data transmission requirements for a nuclear facility and transducer operating conditions. A viable candidate for acoustic communication channel is a chemical volume control system (CVCS) stainless steel pipe, which penetrates through the containment building wall. A laboratory bench-scale system consisting of a nuclear grade CVCS-like pipe and ultrasonic transducers was assembled for a preliminary communication system analysis. Because of low bandwidth and spectral dispersion of ultrasonic transducers, on off keying (OOK) protocol was chosen for data communication. Laboratory tests have shown the acoustic communication system to be resilient to low frequency noise, such as process noise at a nuclear facility. Amplitude shift keying (ASK) communication protocol was developed using GNURadio software environment, and demonstration of data transmission was performed using piezo-electric (PZT) and electromagnetic acoustic (EMAT) transducers. Main achievements thus far include demonstration of transmission of sound and text files with PZT and EMAT across six-foot long nuclear grade stainless steel pipe, and demonstration of image transmission with PZT over the pipe. In the former example, 32KB image was transmitted at 2Kb/s bitrate. Efforts are currently under way to further enhance data transmission rate.