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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Katherine A. Daniels, Jon F. Harrington (British Geological Survey), Mark Jensen (NWMO)
Proceedings | 16th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017) | Charlotte, NC, April 9-13, 2017 | Pages 826-833
The Bruce nuclear site in Canada has been proposed to host a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste (L&ILW). The repository would be constructed within a low permeability, argillaceous limestone, the Upper Ordovician age Cobourg Formation. Here, we present the results of two steady-state laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests performed to measure the intrinsic permeability of rock core samples from the Cobourg and overlying Queenston shale formations; both samples were measured under an isotropic confining pressure using a constant head approach. Pump pressures and volumes were recorded for upstream and downstream pumps, throughout testing. The resulting hydraulic inflow and outflow rates were measured for each sample under two different pressure gradients, yielding exceptionally low values of permeability (on the order of 10-22 m2 or 0.1 nD). These data provide further evidence of the applicability of existing steady-state experimental methods to obtain reliable estimates of extremely low permeabilities from rock core samples under re-established in-situ stress conditions. The exceptionally low permeability of these formations, consistent with in-situ testing and formation scale estimates obtained during the site characterisation program, along with their low porosities, renders them an effective barrier to hydraulic flow for the purpose of geological isolation.