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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
M. C. Galassi, D. Bestion, C. Morel, J. Pouvreau, F. D'Auria
Nuclear Technology | Volume 167 | Number 1 | July 2009 | Pages 60-70
Technical Paper | NURETH-12 / Thermal Hydraulics | doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A8851
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This work presents a validation of NEPTUNE_CFD against plunging water jet experiments by Iguchi et al., with sensitivity tests to turbulence modeling. NEPTUNE_CFD is the thermal-hydraulic two-phase computational fluid dynamics tool of NURESIM (European Platform for Nuclear Reactor Simulations) and is designed to simulate two-phase flow in situations encountered in nuclear power plants. Iguchi et al.'s flow configuration shares common physical features with the emergency core cooling injection in a pressurized water reactor uncovered cold leg during a small-break loss-of-coolant accident. This work contributes to the validation of the NEPTUNE_CFD code capability to predict the turbulence below a free surface produced by a plunging jet. In the experiment, the water was injected vertically down a straight circular pipe into a cylindrical vessel containing water. Mean velocity and turbulent fluctuations were measured below the jet at several depths below the free surface. The influence of several models on code predictions was investigated, and both standard and modified turbulence models were tested. A single-phase jet case was also simulated and compared with both measurements and two-phase calculations, to investigate bubble entrainment influence on turbulence prediction. The calculated mean velocity field was always in quite good agreement with the experimental data, while the turbulence intensity was generally good with some underestimation far from the jet axis region.