The detection of planetary water and soil elements is a pivotal area of research due to its implications for understanding celestial bodies. Within the realm of planetary sampling missions, attention is predominantly directed toward the shallow surface layers, typically to a depth of 1 m. This paper examines the Moon as a case study, employing Monte Carlo simulations to introduce an active detection methodology that integrates high-energy neutron pulse generators with neutron and gamma detectors. Simulations were made of the albedo neutrons and prompt gamma counts after mitigating the interference of secondary neutrons and gamma rays, which result from the interaction between galactic cosmic rays and the lunar surface.

The depth limit of active neutron detection on the shallow surface is about 100 cm. The cadmium ratio (CdR), the ratio between total neutron counts and counts caused by nonthermal neutrons, facilitates the rapid and accurate water content calculation using a fitted CdR curve. Standard gamma spectra of the associated elements, derived through Monte Carlo simulations, along with the mixed gamma spectra requiring resolution, form the foundation for the spectral analysis. Utilizing the weighted least-squares method to invert gamma spectra facilitates the identification of the content of associated elements. Integrating the analysis of albedo neutron energy spectra with prompt gamma spectra allows for the rapid assessment of the region’s water content and soil conditions. Moreover, this study also explores the impact of variations in the content of associated elements on the determination of water content.