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Orlando, FL|Renaissance Orlando at SeaWorld
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Nuclear new build procurement considerations
It may seem counterintuitive, but the best time to enhance the ability to support operations and maintenance for a new plant is before construction starts. This is one of many lessons learned by the currently operating nuclear fleet. As construction and startup of many nuclear facilities was completed, it quickly became evident that the ability to efficiently support operations and maintenance was limited. Most of the information necessary to establish and manage procurement of spare and replacement items, maintenance, and configuration of the facilities was unavailable and had to be gathered on a case-by-case, “on-demand” basis. Absence of necessary information and the associated challenges resulted in the need for staff augmentation and multiyear-long projects to develop equipment bills of material and maintenance programs and to perform technical evaluations for the huge quantities of spare and replacement items being requested.
Litun Swain, Suddhasattwa Ghosh, Gurudas Pakhui, Bandi Prabhakara Reddy
Nuclear Technology | Volume 207 | Number 1 | January 2021 | Pages 119-146
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2020.1743101
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In order to develop a flow sheet for the purification procedure of a LiCl-KCl eutectic mixture with the underlying aim of avoiding Cl2 handling in an engineering-scale laboratory, the present work focuses on electrochemical investigations on vacuum dried eutectic mixtures LiCl-KCl + H2O and vacuum dried LiCl-KCl + H2O mixtures using cyclic voltammetry at 500°C. Complicated voltammetric features were observed that were attributed to the cathodic reduction of H2O to form OH−, adsorption of OH− on tungsten electrode, and cathodic reduction of OH− to form O2−. The onset of cathodic current around −0.45 V (versus AgAg as reference) was due to both cathodic reductions of H2O and HCl, the latter being formed in melt due to high-temperature hydrolysis of LiCl, although it had limited solubility as compared to that of H2O. Cyclic voltammograms also showed an anodic peak at around −0.30 V attributable to the adsorption of O2− on the tungsten electrode.
A total of 19 different LiCl-KCl eutectic melts subjected to various vacuum drying conditions and moisture content were investigated in this work using cyclic voltammetry. The LiCl-KCl + H2O mixtures were prepared to simulate conditions when there is an ingress of moisture in LiCl-KCl mixtures during long storage to determine whether the mixture can be purified. A larger composition range of moisture in the LiCl-KCl eutectic mixtures was used that not only helped in the attribution of cathodic reduction peaks to reactions mentioned above but also served as references to investigate the influence of vacuum drying of moisture-containing eutectic mixtures.
A two-point criterion consisting of cathodic onset LiLi potential and residual cathodic current density estimated from cyclic voltammograms in the potential region −1.5 to −2.0 V at 500°C was used to quantify the purity of the eutectic melts. Former data were compared with the theoretical equilibrium potential of −3.637 V for the LiLi couple in LiCl-KCl eutectic melt at 500°C and those obtained from cyclic voltammograms of chlorinated melt. Cathodic reduction potentials for the above reactions were then compared with literature data where they were measured against Li-Al or NiNi reference electrodes in LiCl-KCl melts. Although reduction of HCl at Pt electrode in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts was known to be reversible from literature, it was not found to be so in the present work where a tungsten working electrode was used. The LiCl-KCl eutectic mixtures vacuum dried at 300°C were found to be closer in purity to those of chlorinated melt in that the onset LiLi potential and residual cathodic current density were similar. A lower residual cathodic current density for LiCl-KCl + 2 wt% H2O vacuum dried at 300°C was also achieved with the onset LiLi potential quite close to the theoretical equilibrium potential of LiCl (−3.637 V) in the eutectic melt.