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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
P. Hurst, H. C. Cowen
Nuclear Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | November 1981 | Pages 449-459
Technical Paper | Materials | doi.org/10.13182/NT55-449
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Stress corrosion studies in caustic environments have been carried out on the ferritic 2 1/4 Cr—Mo steel, with particular reference to its use in the evaporators of the U.K. prototype fast reactor. The quench-hard-ened steel has been found to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) throughout the temperature range of 50 to 300°C. In 30% caustic soda at 116°C, this susceptibility extends over the potential range −900 to +100 mV (Hg/HgO). On tempering, SCC occurs at −900 to −700 mV, but only at more positive potentials when preceded by an overheating treatment. Mechanisms by which cracking occurs under the different conditions studied are discussed. Cracking can occur in hard tube-to-tube-plate welds exposed to caustic environments as a consequence of fabrication stresses, but it has been shown that this can be avoided by shot-peening.