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First astatine-labeled compound shipped in the U.S.
The Department of Energy’s National Isotope Development Center (NIDC) on March 31 announced the successful long-distance shipment in the United States of a biologically active compound labeled with the medical radioisotope astatine-211 (At-211). Because previous shipments have included only the “bare” isotope, the NIDC has described the development as “unleashing medical innovation.”
Kwang-Il Ahn, Joon-Eon Yang
Nuclear Technology | Volume 154 | Number 2 | May 2006 | Pages 155-169
Technical Paper | Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT06-A3725
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This paper provides a formal approach for integrating systematically the decoupled levels 1 and 2 probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) models that are developed sequentially and differently in nature into a single PSA model for risk-informed applications (RIAs), with which the change of the level 1 events can be directly reflected in the level 2 model, and thus, the plant is able to evaluate easily the risk associated with important operational issues at the system and component levels. Its fundamental concept is the direct propagation of the level 1 core damage sequence cut sets into the level 2 model so that they are directly linked to the level 2 risk metrics [such as large early release frequency (LERF) and large late release frequency] as well as the level 2 accident sequences. Practical implementation of this approach is achieved through a sequential integration of matrix functions that would be made at successive stages for the level 2 risk calculation. Then, the final result of the integration process is given as a type of Boolean function for the level 1 core damage sequences (or cut sets) solution of each plant damage state (PDS) and PDS solution of the level 2 containment event tree sequences and the release frequencies. The plant-specific application has shown that while the present approach gives a well-formulated single operational model for RIAs, there is no essential difference with results obtained from the conventional level 2 PSA approach that directly uses the numerical results of the level 1 core damage sequences to obtain the level 2 risk metrics.