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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
R. N. Nair, Y. S. Mayya, V. D. Puranik
Nuclear Technology | Volume 153 | Number 1 | January 2006 | Pages 53-69
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal | doi.org/10.13182/NT06-A3689
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A generic method has been developed to evaluate the reasonable upper-bound (RUB) dose from near-surface radioactive waste disposal facilities through a drinking water pathway. This generic method has been developed by applying a safety assessment model to seven near-surface radioactive waste disposal sites in India. The concentrations and effective radiation dose rates due to different radionuclides are evaluated at different distances from the disposal facilities. The peak dose rates received by members of the public at these distances are given per unit nuclear power capacity at the site [mSv/yr per GW(electric)yr]. The product of these normalized peak dose rates and the total existing or projected nuclear power capacity at a site [GW(electric)yr] will indicate the RUB dose rates from the near-surface disposal facility through a drinking water pathway at different distances. Results indicate that the sites can be grouped into two categories: (a) sites having groundwater velocity >10 cm/day (category 1) and (b) sites having groundwater velocity <10 cm/day (category 2). The variation in the dose rates between each category of sites is found to be small. Based on this finding, a generic method has been developed to evaluate the RUB dose rates to members of the public from the near-surface radioactive waste disposal facilities as a function of distances and nuclear power capacity. It is observed that the RUB dose rates at 1, 2, and 3 km are ~0.03, 0.02, and 0.01 mSv/yr, respectively, for category 1 sites for a nuclear power capacity of 1 GW(electric). These dose rates are reduced by a factor of 2 for category 2 sites. This generic method is found useful for the screening analysis of proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal sites as it estimates the RUB effective dose rates as a function of distance and nuclear power capacity for different categories of sites.
