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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Rikard Malmbeck, Gunnar Skarnemark
Nuclear Technology | Volume 120 | Number 1 | October 1997 | Pages 48-56
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT97-A35430
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Characterization of iodine on-line using mixersettlers has been performed in reactor water, reactor water cleanup (RWCU) effluent, and condensate at the three boiling water reactor (BWR) nuclear power plants (F1, F2, and F3) at Forsmark, Sweden. Characterization of reactor water iodine has also been performed following reactor shutdown at F3. The dominating species in reactor water and condensate was iodide; the rest being essentially iodate. In RWCU effluent, the major species was iodate. Iodine isotopic ratios showed that iodate was delayed when passing the RWCU system. Formation of organic iodides in the RWCU system was not significant. No changes in the iodine species composition in the reactor water could be observed directly following reactor shutdown; however, iodide was with time slowly converted to iodate by radiation-induced oxidation. In reactor water <1% and in condensate and RWCU effluent up to 3% of the total iodine existed in the organic form. Organic iodides in the condensate were older than other iodine species.