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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
André Puill, Jean Bergeron
Nuclear Technology | Volume 119 | Number 2 | August 1997 | Pages 123-140
Technical Paper | Nuclear Fuel Cycle | doi.org/10.13182/NT97-A35381
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An objective is to enhance the use of plutonium in conventional or slightly modified pressurized water reactors, while minimizing minor actinide production. Having entirely mixed-oxide-fueled reactors reduces the number of reactors that are affected on plutonium recycling and avoids the need for fuel zoning. However, the overall consumption is <30%, and the mass of minor actinides produced is considerable, representing up to 25 % of the plutonium used. The Advanced Plutonium Fuel Assembly concept, based on a uranium-free plutonium fuel, which achieves high burnups and an increased moderation ratio, enables 60% of the second-generation plutonium to be consumed, while the minor actinides produced only represent 8% of this figure. The heterogeneous design of the fuel assembly, which includes natural uranium or low-enriched uranium fuel rods, guarantees values that suit the physical parameters of the core. The concept was analyzed from a thermo-hydraulic aspect in both rated and accident situations. Technological feasibility is yet to be demonstrated. This study is part of a medium-term strategy for the back end of the fuel cycle.