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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Takaaki Mochida, Katsumasa Haikawa, Jun-Ichi Yamashita, Akira Nishimura, Yutaka Iwata, Shiroh Arai
Nuclear Technology | Volume 116 | Number 1 | October 1996 | Pages 91-107
Technical Paper | Nuclear Fuel Cycle | doi.org/10.13182/NT96-A35314
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A boiling water reactor (BWR) core design for better uranium utilization is presented, and its validity is demonstrated through simulation and operation data. Together with the axial power flattening obtained by an axially zoned enrichment core, uranium utilization improvement techniques such as an axial blanket for neutron leakage reduction, a low leakage loading pattern, an improved local enrichment distribution in the fuel bundle, and spectral shift operation method are promising design features to be applied to the BWR core. Quantitative studies for the amount of burnup increase and power peaking rise are made to estimate a level of effective uranium utilization. The improvements in uranium utilization are confirmed not only in the computational core design study, but also in empirical data from a commercial BWR. Operating experience proves the adequacy of the core design. A uranium utilization improvement of >10% is obtained without a loss of load factor.