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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Josée Perfettini
Nuclear Technology | Volume 115 | Number 2 | August 1996 | Pages 153-161
Technical Paper | Characterization of Radioactive Waste in France / Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT96-A35261
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A neutronic method based on neutron thermalization by hydrogen nuclei is used to measure the moisture content in packages of radioactive waste embedded in hydraulic binders. The two steps of the measurement are (a) acquisition of the neutron characteristics of the embedded waste considered (or of a chemically similar material) and (b) the measurement itself obtained with a neutron moisture meter. The neutron characteristics required are the adsorption and diffusion cross sections ∑a and ∑d for thermal neutrons of the dried material. These two parameters are used to calculate the calibration curve (valid only for the material considered) as follows:N = (α·Ds + β)Hυ + γ·Ds + δ,which allows the counting N of the neutron moisture meter to be converted into free-water content Hv (α, β, γ, and δ are deduced from ∑a and ∑d; Ds is the dry density of the material). The neutron moisture meter (containing a fast neutron source and a thermalized neutron detector) is portable. Measurements are taken at various depths in a core hole made in the package to draw a water profile. The measurements are taken in materials used for waste solidification and in active or inactive packages. The results obtained (free-water content) are in good agreement with those obtained by determining the weight loss at 120°C (the differences between these two measurements are generally ∼10% when the free-water content is ∼20 to 25 %). The water profiles allow one to detect the presence of excessive free water.