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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Freddie J. Davis, Jr., Yassin A. Hassan
Nuclear Technology | Volume 106 | Number 1 | April 1994 | Pages 83-99
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT94-A34951
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A major concern in the nuclear power industry is failure of the steam generator tubes. Failure of the tubes necessitates the plugging of the failed tubes with the result that nuclear plants are forced to operate at lower, or derated, power levels after expensive repairs. Turbulence-induced vibration is a primary cause of premature and accelerated fretting and wear of the steam generator tubes. An alternative unsteady analysis method for incompressible fluid flow problems is demonstrated. The approach employs large eddy simulation (LES) in conjunction with the finite element method (FEM). A segregated solution technique, solving for each field variable at all nodes, diminishes storage requirements by eliminating the need to solve the globally assembled finite element matrix. A direct benefit is that finer nodalizations can be employed. Equal-order quadrilateral elements are used to facilitate the segregated solution algorithm. The solution scheme is accurate to higher order to mitigate the effects of numerical diffusion in the advection terms. The Smagorinsky-type closure model for the sub-grid scale turbulence is used. The model is easily implemented into this algorithm. This combination of FEM and LES is unique. The time-dependent terms are explicitly treated. The time history of a steam generator tube bundle experiment is studied. The results show the applicability of FEM/ LES and determine the prospects for further development of this methodology.