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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
E. Teuchert, K. A. Haas, H. J. Rütten, Yuliang Sun
Nuclear Technology | Volume 102 | Number 2 | May 1993 | Pages 192-195
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT93-A34816
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In high-temperature reactors (HTRs), ingress of water introduces positive reactivity. Normally, this is controlled by the reactor itself, but in hypothetical situations, there could be a need for an active support by the control system. Calculational research identifies three reasons for the reactivity change caused by the water: (a) a negative contribution by the absorption of the hydrogen, (b) a positive contribution by the softening of the neutron energy spectrum, and (c) a reduction of the neutron leakage losses due to a shift in the neutron flux local distribution. By increasing the carbon/heavy metal ratio, the reactivity effect can be reduced to almost zero or even to negative values. In the modular pebble-bed HTR, this effect can be accomplished in a simple manner. By adding 25% of graphite spheres to the regular batches of feed fuel elements, the neutron spectrum effect is reduced, and the fractional absorption of hydrogen is increased; thus, the maximum excess reactivity is limited to 0.3%. The effect on economy and safety is negligible.