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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Sang Yong Lee, Jae Jun Jeong, Si-Hwan Kim, Soon Heung Chang
Nuclear Technology | Volume 99 | Number 2 | August 1992 | Pages 177-187
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT99-177
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The best-estimate thermal-hydraulic codes RE-LAP5/MOD3 and COBRA-TF were adopted to the Apollo DN 10000 workstation and subsequently merged. This was done to combine the excellent features of the two codes and thus produce a code with much enhanced capability. The resulting code was named COBRA /RELAPS. This code has features in common with COBRA/TRAC or TRAC-PF1: three-dimensional reactor vessel and one-dimensional loop modeling capability. The merging of the two codes is focused on the hydrodynamic model and numerical solution schemes. In COBRA/RELAP5, the system pressure matrices of the two codes are merged and solved simultaneously. The merged COBRA/RELAP5 calculations are done in process-level parallel mode on the Apollo DN10000 computer with two central processing units. Through various test simulations, the merging scheme and its implementation were proven to be valid. Thus, the code predictability is presumed eventually to depend on the generic capabilities of COBRA-TF and RELAP5/MOD3. However, to evaluate the overall code capability of COBRA /RELAP5, a systematic assessment should be done, including multidimensional effect tests.