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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Kenzo Munakata, Hiroshi Sugai, Shigehiko Miyachi, Shouzo Yasu
Nuclear Technology | Volume 98 | Number 2 | May 1992 | Pages 178-187
Technical Paper | Enrichment and Reprocessing System | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34673
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
“Crud” is a problem in the solvent extraction process for nuclear fuel reprocessing. Crud is an emulsion stabilized by dispersed fine solids. Insoluble residues and precipitates play an important role in crud formation. The effect of insoluble residues on crud formation is studied using submicron particles of palladium, which is one of the elements contained in insoluble residues. Experiments are conducted on factors such as palladium concentration, particle size, and acidity. The experimental results indicate that the smallest palladium concentration in the aqueous phase that can stabilize an emulsion is ∼5 g/ℓ and that such an emulsion is of the oil-in-water type. Moreover, the palladium layer on globules is discussed, and a numerical estimation is performed to predict the time when stable emulsions start to form in a mixer-settler.
