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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
H. P. Chou, J. R. Lu, M. B. Chang
Nuclear Technology | Volume 90 | Number 2 | May 1990 | Pages 142-154
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT90-A34410
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A three-dimensional space-time model has been established for pressurized water reactor rod ejection analyses. Core neutronics is modeled with the two-group neutron diffusion equation and formulated in a coarse-mesh finite difference form. The time-dependent solution is obtained using a two-step alternating direction semi-implicit method. Nuclear data are processed from the CASMO cross-section library. Fuel temperature is calculated using finite differenced radial heat conduction equations. Core thermal hydraulics is described using the COBRA code. Dynamic reactivity is also provided to better access transient behaviors. The model is evaluated using typical rod ejection events initiated from hot full power at beginning and end of cycle conditions. Hypothetic rod configurations are designed to compare off-center-rod ejection, center-rod ejection, and quarter-core symmetric four-rod ejection under the condition of equal ejected rod worth. Results indicate that the peak fuel enthalpy increment is comparable for off-center and center-rod ejection; the core gross power and local power peaking tend to compensate for each other. This observation suggests that a single-rod ejection initiated from a given power may be characterized by the ejected rod worth if the increment of the peak enthalpy is the major interest in such events. Distributing the single ejected rod worth into four rods, however, enhances the transient core power but reduces the local power peaking even more due to spatial interactions between the ejected rods; consequently, this leads to a smaller increment of the peak fuel enthalpy.