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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
John F. Geldard, Adolph L. Beyerlein, Houn-Lin Chiu
Nuclear Technology | Volume 78 | Number 2 | August 1987 | Pages 151-156
Technical Paper | Chemical Processing | doi.org/10.13182/NT87-A33993
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The mathematical basis for a computer code PUNE (Plutonium-Uranium-Non-Equilibrium) is described. The code simulates the steady-state concentration profiles of solvent extraction contactors used in the Purex process under conditions where material transfer between phases deviates from the equilibrium limit. The deviation is accounted for by a mass transfer area characteristic of the operating conditions of a contactor, and a mass transfer coefficient for the chemical species of interest. In the limit of infinite mass transfer rate, PUNE gives the same results as other codes that calculate equilibrium profiles. For 1A and IE contactors, the computational times are reduced between two- and fivefold over times required by other codes that generate the steady-state profiles via transient state conditions. For 1B or partitioning contactors, the reduction in time can be more than 20-fold. Since there is no loss of accuracy in these calculations, PUNE represents an important advance in the determination of steady-state profiles, especially for 1B contactors because it is with these that the greatest computational difficulties are encountered.