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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
C. C. Li, W. R. Johnson, L. D. Thompson
Nuclear Technology | Volume 66 | Number 2 | August 1984 | Pages 439-464
D.Gas/Metal Reaction | Status of Metallic Materials Development for Application in Advanced High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor / Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT84-A33446
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The influence of a simulated advanced reactor helium environment, containing 50 Pa H2/5 Pa CH4/5 Pa CO/∼0.1 Pa H2O, on the mechanical properties of two heats of Hastelloy alloy X is discussed. Simultaneous exposures in air and controlled impurity helium at temperatures in the range of 650 to 1000°C for times of 3000 h or more were performed. A combination of tensile testing, Charpy V-notch impact toughness testing, and creep testing was used to study the effects of reactor helium/metal interactions on the mechanical behavior of this alloy. Carburization was identified as the primary corrosion phenomenon. Increasing exposure time and temperature were observed to increase the depth of carburization. The increase in carbon concentration in the carburized zone suppressed the additional formation of M6C, which is observed in air-aged specimens, and resulted in the precipitation of M23C6 a chromium-rich carbide variant. The precipitation of M23C6 in the carburized zone occurred primarily along grain and twin boundaries; matrix precipitation, however, was also observed, the degree of which depended on exposure temperature. Strength and impact toughness properties were found to be controlled primarily by thermal aging reactions, with only a small effect related to the carburization. Although tensile and creep ductilities were decreased as a result of carburization, substantial ductility remained. Variation was observed between the two heats, the finer grained heat appearing to be weaker in the high-temperature creep tests and also possibly more susceptible to a loss of creep strength as a result of carburization.
