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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Motoo Aoyama, Sadao Uchikawa, Kazuyoshi Miki, Kazuo Hiramoto, Renzo Takeda
Nuclear Technology | Volume 64 | Number 1 | January 1984 | Pages 19-25
Technical Paper | Nuclear Fuel | doi.org/10.13182/NT84-A33323
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A new design concept of a boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel bundle for extended burnup was proposed to improve the capacity factor without increasing the fuel cycle cost. Some effects, which are raised from higher burnup, such as strong pellet-cladding interaction due to enhanced fuel swelling and changes in neutronic characteristics due to increased fuel enrichment, are minimized by a reduction in the maximum fuel temperature to below 1200°C and an increase in the moderator-to-fuel ratio. To realize these concepts, a 9 × 9 lattice design with a reduced fuel rod diameter and annular pellets was proposed. The proposed fuel bundle design offers advantages in fuel cycle improvements through extension of achievable burnup and reduction of fuel inventory. The core, loaded with the proposed fuel bundles which achieve 30% higher burnup by the full power month, has a potential for natural uranium savings of ∼20% per unit power and a reduction in the amount of reprocessing of ∼40% per unit power, compared with the current BWR design when coupled with other improvements such as refueling pattern optimization, natural uranium axial blankets, and spectral shift with flow control.