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Don’t scrap ALARA—modernize it
For decades, U.S. radiation protection has rested on two pillars: the linear no-threshold (LNT) model and the principle of “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA). Together, these have shaped occupational dose management, regulatory limits, and emergency planning across the nuclear industry.
Kazuo Arakawa, Naohiro Hayakawa, Hiroshi Nakanishi
Nuclear Technology | Volume 61 | Number 3 | June 1983 | Pages 533-539
Technical Paper | New Directions in Nuclear Energy with Emphasis on Fuel Cycles / Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT83-A33178
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Radiation-induced evolved gases for 20 commercial lubricant base oils were measured at room temperature. Samples were irradiated under vacuum by 60Co gamma rays at a dose rate of 1 Mrad/h up to 1000 Mrad for mineral oils and ester lubricants, and 3000 Mrad for aromatic lubricants. The evolved gas was measured by means of gas chromatography. The G values (number of gas molecules liberated per absorbed energy of 100 eV) of total evolved gases are 2.8 for liquid paraffins, 1.4 for paraffinic neutral oils, 1.5 to 1.9 for esters, 0.26 to 0.56 for alkyl diphenyl ethers, and 0.005 for phenoxy-phenoxydiphenyl