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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Toshiaki Ohe, Akira Nakaoka, Shinji Takagi
Nuclear Technology | Volume 58 | Number 3 | September 1982 | Pages 521-529
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT82-A32985
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Received December 28, 1981 Accepted for Publication March 23, 1982 The adsorption of gaseous iodine, I2and CH3I, in typical rocks of Japanese ground formation such as granite, tuff and sandstone is described. Adsorption coefficients (Ka) of crushed rock samples were determined by a column technique under dry or wet vapor conditions. The adsorption isotherm was identified as the Langmuir- or Henry-type equation. The Ka value of I2 varied over two orders of magnitude and was 102 to 103 times greater than that of CH3I. The results suggested that the Ka values of I2 and CH3I were proportional to the specific surface areas of crushed rocks and the order of the coefficients was: granite < tuff < sandstone at the same grain size (300-µm diam). The specific surface area of the permeable ground formation was estimated by the Kozeny-Carman equation, consequently, the smallest value of Ka of the rocks was one-tenth to one-thirtieth less than that of crushed rock.