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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
Earl J. Wheelwright, William J. Bjorklund, Larry M. Browne, Garry H. Bryan, Langdon K. Holton, Everett R. Irish, Dan H. Siemens
Nuclear Technology | Volume 58 | Number 2 | August 1982 | Pages 271-293
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT82-A32937
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The Nuclear Waste Vitrification Project was conducted to demonstrate the vitrification of high-level liquid waste (HLLW) generated during the reprocessing of spent fuel discharged from an operating light water reactor. Six pressurized water reactor fuel assemblies, containing 2.3 tU, were processed for the generation of HLLW. A conventional Purex-type process was used for the first cycle so that the HLLW generated would be typical of the nitric acid, fission product waste stream from the first extraction cycle of a commercial plant. Uranium and nonradioactive chemicals, normally added to the HLLW by back-cycling of waste from second and third solvent-extraction cycles, were added to the dilute HLLW to produce a waste composition typical of the HLLW from a commercial plant. The waste was then concentrated tenfold to provide feed for solidification by the spray calciner/in-can melting process. During calcination, the liquid waste was pumped at a rate of 10 to 15 ℓ/h to the calciner vessel, which was heated to 750°C. The powdered calcine fell into a stainless steel canister, which was maintained at 1050°C; this canister was attached directly to the bottom of the calciner. Glass-forming chemicals were metered into the canister simultaneously with the calcine. After the materials melted, the canister was cooled to produce vitreous glass. Two 20.3-cm-diam × 244-cm-high canisters containing glass were produced.