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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Orlin L. Blajiev, Chihiro Matsuura, Daisuke Hiroishi, Kenkichi Ishigure
Nuclear Technology | Volume 137 | Number 1 | January 2002 | Pages 60-71
Technical Paper | Radioisotopes | doi.org/10.13182/NT02-A3257
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-2 in the presence of Zn was investigated. Zinc is a possible technological additive to be injected in the coolant to reduce the 60Co buildup. However, its influence on the cladding corrosion, alone or in combination with some typical corrosion impurities, as, for example, Cr, has not been considered so far. Because of this, the surface composition and electrochemical properties of Zircaloy specimens were investigated after their exposure to Zn2+, CrO42-, and CrO42- + Zn2+ aqueous solutions at 250°C. It was found that zinc-containing phases did not deposit from solutions containing on Zn2+ ions. Amorphous Cr3+-oxide and ZnCr2O4 ferrite phases were found on the surface of the samples after their exposure to CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ environments, respectively. The amounts of the deposited Cr and Zn + Cr strongly depended on the times of the preconditioning of the Zircaloy specimens in high-temperature water. The rate of the oxide precipitation declined with increasing exposure time to both the CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ solutions. The electrochemical measurement showed that the limiting factor of the Cr and Zn + Cr deposition reaction was the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The reduction completely depended on the resistance of ZrO2, Cr, and Zn + Cr oxides, which increased with the time of preconditioning and exposure. A thermodynamic analysis based on oxide solubilities was applied to explain the different deposition pathways in the CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ environments. In view of the decreasing deposition rate of the Zn - Cr-oxide phases, it could be concluded that their limited precipitation and presence do not have a significant adverse effect on the fuel cladding corrosion.
