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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
M. Coquerelle, C. T. Walker
Nuclear Technology | Volume 48 | Number 1 | April 1980 | Pages 43-53
Technical Paper | Fuel | doi.org/10.13182/NT80-A32446
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Mixed carbide, carbonitride, and nitride fuels have been irradiated in DFR and Rapsodie to a maximum burnup of 7.8 at.% at a maximum linear power of 135 kW·m−1. At low burnup, xenon release from helium-bonded fuels was found to be dependent on the chemical composition of the fuel Release was greatest from carbide (75%) and least from nitride fuels (35%). At medium burnup, improved gap conductance led to a fall in the fuel centerline temperature and consequently a decrease in gas release. For nitride and carbonitride fuels, over 75% of the retained fission gas was contained in bubbles (<1 µm in diameter) and in the fuel matrix. For all three fuels, xenon release from the outer unrestructured region of the fuel was <15%, whereas release from the central porous region was 50% or more. In the restructured region, gas was released to the plenum by way of interconnected pores. Gas in pores contained proportionally more krypton than the bonded gas, and consequently, it is proposed that atomic diffusion is the principal mechanism of gas transport within the fuel.
