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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
J. P. Foster, A. Boltax
Nuclear Technology | Volume 47 | Number 1 | January 1980 | Pages 181-188
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT80-A32421
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Large swelling values associated with a gradual temperature reduction during irradiation have been observed for pressurized tubes irradiated at two initial irradiation temperatures. A comparison of the pressurized tube data with WSA-4 fuel pin cladding swelling data shows that the same behavior is observed in fuel pins subject to temperature changes during irradiation. The fuel pin data cover a large temperature interval, and this information was used to determine temperature and fluence dependencies of the observed enhanced swelling effect. The results show that the enhanced swelling with temperature reductions depends on the initial irradiation temperature, with the maximum value occurring at ∼500°C. The data indicate that the effect saturates with fluence.