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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
E. E. Bloom, J. M. Leitnaker, J. O. Stiegler
Nuclear Technology | Volume 31 | Number 2 | November 1976 | Pages 232-243
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT76-A31685
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The effects of titanium additions up to 0.6 wt% on the irradiation-induced swelling and changes in creep-rupture properties were investigated. Samples were irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II at temperatures in the range from 450 to 700°C to a maximum neutron fluence of 7.8 × 1026 n/m2 (>0.1 MeV). In annealed material, the irradiation-induced swelling exhibited a minimum in the range 0.2 to 0.4 wt% titanium. The minimum in swelling was directly attributable to a minimum in the concentration of voids. Samples irradiated in the 20% cold-worked condition exhibited slight densification at 3.0 × 1026 n/m2 (>0.1 MeV) at both 500 and 600°C. A small density decrease (0.23%) occurred during irradiation to 6.6 × 1026 n/m2 (>0.1 MeV). Postirradiation creep-rupture ductility was a maximum for alloys containing 0.23 and 0.33 wt% titanium. The observed swelling behavior in the annealed material is thought to be associated with changing amounts of titanium and carbon in solution in the austenite as the total titanium concentration is increased. The improved ductility is attributable to a decreased tendency for grain boundary crack formation and appears to be associated with removal of sulfur and possibly other impurities from solution in the austenite.