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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Shigeaki Nakagawa, Akio Saikusa, Kazuhiko Kunitomi
Nuclear Technology | Volume 133 | Number 2 | February 2001 | Pages 141-152
Technical Paper | Fission Reactors | doi.org/10.13182/NT01-A3165
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
It is important to use analyses to prove outstanding inherent reactor safety during a severe accident in order to convince the public and licensing authority of the safety advantage of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). In this study, the simulation of a depressurization accident without reactor scram (DAWS) was performed for a future HTGR with 450-MW thermal output, introducing the annular core of pin-in-block-type fuel, which was originally designed in Japan. The DAWS has the possibility of becoming one of the severe accidents postulated in the HTGR. To perform an accurate simulation, a new analytical model for reactor dynamics and indirect decay heat removal from the surface of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) during the DAWS was developed. The features of the new simulation model are as follows:1. A single-channel model is coupled with a two-dimensional reactor thermal model in the new simulation model. The reactor kinetics with a single-channel model during the DAWS is simulated taking into account heat removal from the reactor calculated in the R-Z reactor thermal model, including the RPV and indirect vessel cooling system. No conventional calculation codes with a single channel have a heat removal model from an RPV or were able to simulate precisely the transient during DAWS.2. A xenon buildup and decay model for the reactivity calculation is made in addition to one point-kinetics approximation to simulate a recriticality and a power oscillation following the initiation of the DAWS.3. A transient simulation can be performed for two kinds of core models of pin-in-block- and multihole-type fuels.The accurate evaluation of xenon density and core temperature is of prime importance in the simulation of the DAWS. From the simulation result with a proper safety margin, it was confirmed that the safety performance of passive decay heat removal with cooling indirectly from the surface of the RPV is outstanding for the DAWS, and a severe-accident-free HTGR can be designed. The newly developed code is applicable to the detailed safety evaluation necessary to future HTGR design.
