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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
F. J. Salzano, L. Newman
Nuclear Technology | Volume 13 | Number 3 | March 1972 | Pages 289-296
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT72-A31084
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The solubility of carbon in sodium was measured with an electrochemical carbon meter by measuring the change in emf when known amounts of carbon were added to sodium contained in a nickel vessel. The solubility, Co, in ppm is given by the expression The data show little scatter, were easy to reproduce, and were not dependent on the rate of addition or the initial concentration of carbon. The results obtained are compared to the measurements reported in other investigations. The relation between the solubility data and the phenomenon of mass transport of carbon in sodium/stainless-steel systems is discussed. Oxygen was found to have no effect on the solubility of carbon in the concentration range from 1 to 240 ppm. When nitrogen is present at 1-atm pressure over the sodium it acts as a sink for carbon.
