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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
W. E. Ray, S. L. Schrock, S. A. Shiels, K. C. Thomas
Nuclear Technology | Volume 11 | Number 2 | June 1971 | Pages 222-231
Technical Paper | Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT71-A30887
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The current concept for the Westinghouse LMFBR steam generator is of the single-tube once-through type and incorporates both the evaporator and superheater in a common containment. Selection of a single-tube material that will operate reliably within design limits of the steam generator inevitably requires some compromise. The material must have adequate strength at high temperatures; it must be compatible with sodium and water environments over the range of operating temperatures; it must be resistant to chloride-and hydroxide-induced stress corrosion cracking and to sodium-water reactions. Incoloy-800 of specially controlled composition was selected as the tubing alloy for the Westinghouse LMFBR steam generator after several reviews and tradeoff studies, and meets all requirements, apart from stress corrosion resistance, without compromise. In the area of stress corrosion resistance it is considered superior to the austenitic 300 series stainless steels and, with suitable water chemistry control, is expected to perform reliably.