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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
C. E. Milstead, L. R. Zumwalt
Nuclear Technology | Volume 3 | Number 8 | August 1967 | Pages 495-499
Technical Paper and Note | doi.org/10.13182/NT67-A27781
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The deposition of cesium on type-304 stainless steel has been measured in vacuo using 137Cs-tagged cesium. Measurements were made at 650 to 1350°F over a cesium pressure range of 2 × 10−9 to 5 × 10−6 atm using specimens that had been vacuum baked at temperatures ranging from 650 to 1870°F for 18 to 90 h. Adsorption isotherms were characterized by an empirical isotherm that shows a linear variation of log pressure with surface coverage; the heat of sorption decreases linearly with coverage. Cesium plateout levels range from 0.55 mg Cs/m2 (based on the geometric surface of the specimen) on very clean surfaces to 80 mg Cs/m2 on surfaces that were slightly oxidized. The amount of cesium deposited is shown to be directly related to the temperature and duration of the bakeout period. Isosteric heats of adsorption vary from about 22 to 98 kcal/mol over the range of coverage.