ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
E. Rolstad
Nuclear Technology | Volume 25 | Number 1 | January 1975 | Pages 7-12
Technical Paper | Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT75-A24345
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Experiments have shown that pellet-clad mechanical interaction failures due to power increments often show up with some delay after the power increase has been applied. Fission-product stress corrosion has generally been accepted as the reason for this delay. It is suggested, however, that these failures may be caused by purely mechanical effects. Local plastic instability occurs during the power increase due to the stress concentrations over a fuel crack and results in the initiation of a crack at the inner wall which propagates rapidly by the local strain energy in the fuel and cladding. This strain energy may, however, not be sufficient to produce a through-going crack, and the crack propagation may stop unless more energy is supplied by further power increase ; however, this energy may also be supplied by extrusion of fuel along the hot center of the rod. A simple cladding stress analysis with special emphasis on the stress concentrations over fuel cracks is included to simplify the explanation of the plastic-instability fuel-extrusion failure mechanism.