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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
W. L. Kruer
Nuclear Technology | Volume 27 | Number 2 | October 1975 | Pages 216-223
Technical Paper | Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT75-A24288
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Particle codes are a powerful tool for the numerical simulation of nonlinear plasma behavior. In these codes, one follows the motion of a large number of electrons and ions in their self-consistent (plus externally imposed) electric and magnetic fields. The fields are solved for on a spatial grid chosen to resolve the collective behavior of the plasma (i.e., the plasma waves). The interpolation between the grid and the particle positions corresponds physically to a multipole expansion of finite-size charges about their nearest grid point location. Results from particle codes agree with numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation. In laser fusion applications, particle codes are used to study the absorption of laser light.