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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
J. T. Mihalczo, E. D. Blakeman, G. E. Ragan, R. C. Kryter, H. Seino, R. C. Robinson
Nuclear Technology | Volume 94 | Number 3 | June 1991 | Pages 336-360
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT91-A15813
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A series of subcritical experiments in unreflected annular geometry was performed with an aqueous Pu-U nitrate containing 173 and 262 g/ℓ of plutonium and uranium, respectively. The plutonium contained 91.1 wt% 239Pu, while the depleted uranium contained 0.57 wt% 235U. In these experiments, the height of the solution in the annulus was varied from 17.8 to 84.2 cm. The annulus had an inner diameter of 25.4 cm, an outer diameter of 53.34 cm, and a 0.08-cm-thick wall of Type 304L stainless steel. Measurements using the 252Cf-source-driven neutron noise analysis method were interpreted to obtain the subcritical neutron multiplication factors. The data accumulated in the experiment, which is the first test of this method in annular geometry, are summarized, and the analysis of these data is presented. The results and conclusions of these experiments are as follows: (a) the capability to measure the sub-criticality for a multiplying system of annular geometry to a k as low as 0.70 was demonstrated; (b) the criteria developed in previous experiments for choosing source-detector system configurations for which the data can be interpreted using a modified point kinetics were also satisfactory for this experiment; (c) the measurement times for this geometry were not significantly different from those used for cylindrical geometry and were sufficiently short to allow practical measurements; (d) the reactivities obtained from break frequency noise analysis measurements agreed with those obtained from the ratios of spectral densities within the experimental uncertainties; (e) the applicability of the method and an understanding of the theory of the measurement method for plutonium solution systems were demonstrated; and (f) the calculated neutron multiplication factors agreed with the experimental values of k to within ∼0.03.