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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Isao Kataoka, Kenji Yoshida, Masanori Naitoh, Hidetoshi Okada, Tadashi Morii
Nuclear Technology | Volume 181 | Number 1 | January 2013 | Pages 81-93
Technical Paper | Special Issue on the 14th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-14) / Thermal Hydraulics | doi.org/10.13182/NT13-A15758
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Rigorous and consistent formulations of basic equations of interfacial area transport were derived using correlation functions of the characteristic function of each phase and velocities of each phase. The turbulent transport term of interfacial area concentration was consistently derived and related to the difference between the interfacial velocity and the averaged velocity of each phase. Constitutive equations of turbulent transport terms of interfacial area concentration were proposed for bubbly flow. New transport model and constitutive equations were developed for churn flow. These models and constitutive equations are validated by experimental data of radial distributions of the interfacial area concentration in bubbly flow and churn flow.