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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Kenneth Hoar, Piotr Nowinski, Vernon Hodge, James Cizdziel
Nuclear Technology | Volume 175 | Number 1 | July 2011 | Pages 351-359
Technical Paper | Special Issue on the 16th Biennial Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division / Environmental Effects of Nuclear Technology | doi.org/10.13182/NT11-A12307
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Rock varnish samples were collected near three point sources of air pollution to determine if the varnish contained a record of recent air pollution. Samples were collected as follows: downwind of the Nevada Test Site (NTS); in the fallout pattern of the shuttered Mohave Power Plant, located in Laughlin, Nevada; and, near the operating Reid-Gardner Power Plant, just east of Las Vegas, Nevada. Analysis of the NTS rock varnish shows 240Pu/239Pu mass ratios as low as 0.0592 ± 0.0003 and 241Pu/239Pu ratios as low as 0.00063 ± 0.00004, compared to worldwide values of 0.18 ± 0.01 and 0.009 ± 0.002, respectively, clearly indicating that the varnish can be used as a forensic tool for identifying the source of air pollution, in this case the NTS. The samples collected in the plumes of the coal-fired power plants contain thorium and uranium, and have 232Th/238U mass ratios from 1 to 30, and concentrations from 5 to 755 ppm for Th and 1 to 578 ppm for U. The highest concentrations of these elements occur together at locations that implicate the power plants; however, additional samples would be required to demonstrate unequivocally that the power plants are the sources. Overall, it is apparent that rock varnish can be utilized as a passive monitor to investigate recent air pollution.
