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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Olin W. Calvin, Micah D. Gale, Sebastian Schunert
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 197 | Number 8 | August 2023 | Pages 2234-2250
Technical papers from: PHYSOR 2022 | doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2022.2161802
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Traditionally, analysts solve the Bateman depletion equations to calculate the nuclide number density (NND) of each nuclide since these densities impact other reactor parameters, such as reactivity, as they change. Many quantities of interest, such as radiation damage, are calculated using simple integration methods, assuming that the NNDs are constant over a given depletion interval. However, the NNDs are time dependent, which can be accurately represented only by the Bateman depletion equations. We propose that these quantities can be calculated simultaneously with the NNDs within the Bateman depletion equations, preserving the coupled nature of these quantities to the time-dependent NNDs. We implemented this functionality in Griffin, demonstrating that only minor code modifications were necessary in order to accommodate an evaluation of these quantities in the Bateman depletion equations. The Chebyshev Rational Approximation Method was used to successfully solve for these additional quantities in the Bateman depletion equations. For radiation damage, the results calculated by Griffin were very accurate, differing by less than 2.5% from an analytical benchmark. For other quantities, the discrepancy between quantities calculated by the Bateman depletion equations versus those calculated by the Forward Euler method exceeded 10% for decay energy and 2% for fissions per initial heavy metal atom and kinetic energy released per unit mass when few depletion intervals were used. As the number of depletion intervals increased, both methods began to converge as expected.