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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Geoffrey R. Bull, Jason O. Oakley, Michael L. Corradini
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 193 | Number 3 | March 2019 | Pages 299-313
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2018.1514195
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The fissioning of uranium in an aqueous solution creates 99Mo, the precursor to 99mTc, but also generates large amounts of hydrogen and oxygen from the radiolysis of the water. When the dissolved gases reach a critical concentration, bubbles will form in the solution, affecting both the fission power and the heat transfer out of the solution. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was chosen as a surrogate for uranium sulfate salt in an aqueous solution for the experiments. A high aspect ratio tank was constructed to measure heat transfer from the solution with internal gas and heat generation. A fritted glass air injection manifold allowed the exploration of bubble characteristics and flow patterns on heat transfer from the heated pool to the cold walls. Experimental data analysis provided heat transfer coefficient values as a function of axial position, power density, and the superficial gas velocity in the pool. Results, including a recommended correlation for average heat transfer coefficients, are provided for superficial gas velocities between 0 and 0.3 cm/s and power densities of 200 and 400 W/L in pH 7 and pH 1 MgSO4 solutions.