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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Baoqing Liu, Ruijia Cheng, Yanan Zhang, Xiaoge Chen, Zilong Xu
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 189 | Number 3 | March 2018 | Pages 290-300
Technical Note | doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2017.1394084
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Fluid-elastic instability is the major factor in causing the vibration of tube bundles. Design guidelines on fluid-elastic instability in tube bundles is necessary to avoid damage due to excessive tube vibration. However, the design guidelines on fluid-elastic instability in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross flow have no consistent conclusions. Accordingly, this technical note researches the vibration characteristics of three tube bundle distributions, namely, normal square tube bundles with pitch-to-diameter ratios of 1.28 and 1.32 and a normal triangular tube bundle with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.32. Comparison of the present fluid-elastic threshold results with previously published data shows good agreement in single-phase flow. The effects of pitch-to-diameter ratio and tube bundle configurations on fluid-elastic instability induced by air-water cross flow were also compared and analyzed by measuring unstable behavior of tube bundles. It was found that fluid-elastic instability is more prone to occur with a decrease of pitch-to-diameter ratio and that the normal square tube bundle is more stable than the normal triangular tube bundle. From the perspective of the tube bundle configurations, it was recommended that the instability constant K in normal triangular and normal square tube bundles be 3.4 and 4.0, respectively.