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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
A. Santamarina, P. Leconte, D. Bernard, G. Truchet
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 178 | Number 4 | December 2014 | Pages 562-581
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE14-50
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The CERES collaborative program between the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Agency (UKAEA) was performed in the MINERVE and DIMPLE reactors at Cadarache and Winfrith, respectively. CERES Phase II was devoted to the validation of fission product (FP) poisoning through the reactivity worth measurements of FP samples. This paper describes the oscillation experiment at the center of the MINERVE pressurized water reactor–type test lattice. This experiment is strongly representative of the FP poisoning in light water reactor spent fuels because the separated FP isotope is introduced into real UO2 pellets where 238U/iFP resonance overlap occurs. In order to preserve the experimental results within the International Reactor Physics Experiment Evaluation international database, slight corrections to define a two-dimensional benchmark are presented. The evaluation of experimental uncertainties is detailed. Therefore, the accurate APOLLO2.8 analysis of this benchmark is described, using recent JEFF-3.1.1 and ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data files. JEFF-3.1.1 FP worth is particularly satisfactory, except for 153Eu, which is underestimated by 8.1% + 2.6%. The CERES integral measurement data also suggest improvements to 99Tc and 145Nd evaluations in the ENDF/B-VII.0 library.
