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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Juraj Pivarč Stanislav Hlaváč
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 106 | Number 3 | November 1990 | Pages 266-278
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE90-A29055
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A multipurpose 14-MeV neutron source based on the T(d,n)4 He reaction is under construction in Bratislava. Its basic purpose is to produce intense and pulsed beams of 14-Me V neutrons. The intense section of the source is expected to continuously produce 1.2 × 1012 n/s with a 20-mA duoplasmatron ion source, 300-kV/40-mA high-voltage power supply, and a rotating titanium-tritium target for 1100 rpm. Although it is designed for a variety of experiments in low-energy nuclear physics involving in-beam gamma-ray, neutron, and charged-particle spectroscopy, neutron activation measurements as well as neutron irradiation studies are also planned. So far, we have completed the main section of the accelerator itself and part of a low-intensity direct current beamline with a neutron yield to 4 × 1010 n/s. A continuation of this line, with a fast pulsed section capable of generating a compressed 1-ns-wide D+ ion beam at a repetition rate of 5 MHz is under construction. The source components, which are designed to be highly reliable and provide minimum radiation hazard from tritium handling, are discussed together with final source specifications.