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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Edgar L. Compere and Jouko E. Savolainen
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 28 | Number 3 | June 1967 | Pages 325-337
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE67-A28946
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The solubility of hydrogen in liquid alkali metals useful as nuclear reactor coolants varies significantly with pressure and temperature. The solubility of hydrogen in eutectic sodium-potassium mixture (NaK-78) was determined at six temperatures from 300 to 704°C and at pressures below one atmosphere. For unsaturated solutions, the solubility depended on the square root of the hydrogen pressure and varied only slightly with temperature. At temperatures of 300 to 400°C, enough hydrogen could be dissolved at pressures below one atmosphere to result in precipitation of a metal hydride. Precipitation-decomposition pressures were consistent with the literature. The addition to NaK-78 of 1 to 4 at.% lithium considerably diminished the hydrogen activity and resulted in precipitation at lower hydrogen pressure. A mass action model is postulated to explain the phenomena. It is suggested that in liquid-alkali-metal mixtures, dissolved hydrogen exists largely in the form of undissociated metal-hydride molecules or ion pairs, with the different metals combining with the hydrogen in proportion to their concentration and their affinity for hydrogen.