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First astatine-labeled compound shipped in the U.S.
The Department of Energy’s National Isotope Development Center (NIDC) on March 31 announced the successful long-distance shipment in the United States of a biologically active compound labeled with the medical radioisotope astatine-211 (At-211). Because previous shipments have included only the “bare” isotope, the NIDC has described the development as “unleashing medical innovation.”
Iván Lux
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 67 | Number 1 | July 1978 | Pages 107-119
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE78-A27241
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A unified definition of a wide class of Monte Carlo reaction rate estimators is presented, since most commonly used estimators belong to that class. The definition is given through an integral transformation of an arbitrary estimator of the class. Since the transformation contains an arbitrary function, in principle an infinite number of new estimators can be defined on the basis of one known estimator. It is shown that the most common estimators belonging to the class, such as the track-length and expectation estimators, are special cases of transformation, corresponding to the simplest transformation kernels when transforming the usual collision estimator. A pair of new estimators is defined and their variances are compared to the variance of the expectation estimator. One of the new estimators, called the trexpectation estimator, seems to be appropriate for flux-integral estimation in moderator regions. The other one, which uses an intermediate estimation of the final result and is therefore called the self-improving estimator, always yields a lower variance than the expectation estimator. As is shown, this estimator approximates well to possibly the best estimator of the class. Numerical results are presented for the simplest geometries, and these results indicate that for absorbers that are not too strong, in practical cases the standard deviation of the self-improving estimator is less than that of the expectation estimator by more than 10%. The experiments also suggest that the self-improving estimator is always superior to the track-length estimator as well, i.e., that it is the best of all known estimators belonging to the class. In the Appendices, for simplified cases, approximate conditions are given for which the trexpectation and track-length estimators show a higher efficiency than the expectation estimator.