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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
H. Okuda
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 64 | Number 1 | September 1977 | Pages 41-48
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE77-A27075
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Plasma simulation models that use particles and that have been developed for studying the microscopic behavior of a confined plasma in a magnetic field are described. The first model is developed to investigate the anomalous diffusion of particles and energy due to low-frequency electrostatic microinstabilities in cylindrical and toroidal systems. The model makes use of the combination of eigenfunction expansion in one direction and the multipole expansion on a two-dimensional spatial grid for solving Maxwell's equations and for pushing particles. The second model is developed to study the neutral-beam injection heating of a tokamak plasma, taking into account the spatial variation of plasma parameters and the finite ion-beam banana orbit. The self-consistent electric and magnetic fields are totally ignored in this model, and the Fokker-Planck collisions on the beam ions due to background ions and electrons are built in through the Monte Carlo method.