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New laws offer nuclear industry incentives for existing power plant uprates
This year, the U.S. nuclear industry received a much-needed economic boost that could help preserve operating nuclear power plants and incentivize upgrades that extend their lifespan and power output.
Signed into law in 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act offers production tax credits (PTCs) for existing nuclear power plants and either PTCs or investment tax credits (ITCs) for new carbon-free generation. These credits could make power uprates—increasing the maximum power level at which a commercial plant may operate—a much more appealing option for utilities.
H. L. McMurry
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 15 | Number 4 | April 1963 | Pages 429-437
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE63-A26460
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
As an approach to developing methods for calculating differential scattering cross sections of materials for neutrons with energy below 1 ev five approximations to the exact formalism of Zemach and Glauber have been applied to treat the scattering by gases composed of semirigid molecules. This paper outlines the theory for the methods which are the following (1) A quite rigorous method valid when the neutron energy and kBT are both much less than the characteristic vibrational energies of the molecules. (2) A method which treats vibrations harmonically rotations classically, and neglects rotation-vibration coupling. Within these limitations the method is valid at all neutron energies. (3) A method like (2) except that averages over orientation are approximated by the Kneger-Nelkin method of introducing average values of functions of the Eulerian angles wherever they appear. (4) A method which treats vibrations with characteristic energies much less than the neutron energy by a short collision time approximation. (5) A method which treats such low energy vibrations classically. Method (5) has the feature that when all normal modes are treated classically the equation for the differential scattering cross section reduces to that for scattering by unbound particles. If some, but not all, vibrations are treated classically and averages over orientation are approximated as in method (3) the effective mass for a scattering atom attached to the molecule is intermediate between the mass of the atom and the Sachs-Teller mass which applies when all vibrations are treated exactly by quantum mechanics. Method (5) has the advantage of being easily adapted to treating simple models for liquids and amorphous solids. These methods are evaluated in the accompanying paper.