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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
B.L. Palowitch, F. S. Frantz, Jr.
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 15 | Number 2 | February 1963 | Pages 146-157
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE63-A26414
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The relative effective resonance integral of U238 has been measured as a function of temperature for uranium and UO2 cylinders, 0.986 and 0.973 cm diam, respectively. The Doppler coefficients α and β are defined by: RIo refers to the effective resonance integral (excluding 1/υ absorption) at 20°C, and to and To are 20°C and 293°K respectively. The measurements utilized the activation technique in which the induced Np239 activity of a uranium bearing specimen was determined as a function of specimen temperature during irradiation. Measured values for α and β corrected for thermal expansion, 1/υ absorption, fission activity and a deviation from a 1 /E epithermal flux are for metal α = 1.14 ± 0.07 × 10 -4/oC, β = 0.53 ± 0.03 × 10-2/(°K)1/2 and for oxide α = 1.34 ± 0.11 × 10-4/°C, β = 0.69 ± 0.06 × 10-2/ (°K)1/2. The temperature increments for which these values have been obtained were 580 and 950°C for uranium metal and oxide respectively. The results presented in this report are considered to be consistent with the results of other experiments in which the activation technique was used but are lower than theoretical predictions given by Nordheim and Rosén.