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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
C. Hubers
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 13 | Number 1 | May 1962 | Pages 54-59
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE62-A26128
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A tentative method for the calculation of the void volume fraction at zero quality in case of constant heat input along the channel is presented. By assuming a constant volumetric condensation density, proportional to the squared flow velocity, the void volume fraction at zero quality can be predicted. Comparing the calculated void volumes with actual measurements for water, the error in the void calculation is less than ±25%.