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2025 ANS Winter Conference & Expo
November 9–12, 2025
Washington, DC|Washington Hilton
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Blue Wave recognized with IAEA innovation award
The International Atomic Energy Agency presented its 2025 Global ISOP Innovation Award for AI to Blue Wave AI Labs, Constellation, and the Southern Company subsidiary Southern Nuclear for the companies’ collaborative work on Blue Wave's ThermalLimits.ai. The technology is an AI application that provides accuracy in online thermal limit forecasting for boiling water reactors.
C. J. Orth
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 9 | Number 4 | April 1961 | Pages 417-420
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE61-A25905
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Measurements were made of the diffusion losses of lanthanide and actinide elements from graphite at temperatures from 1600 to 2600°C. In the lanthanide series, a close correlation was observed between the diffusion rates from graphite and the boiling points of the metals. Where boiling point measurements permit comparison, a similar correlation was also noted for the actinides. The most volatile of these elements are the ones for which lower oxidation states can be attained chemically [Sm(II), Eu(II), Yb(II), and possibly Am(II)]. Conversely, those elements which exhibit oxidation states higher than (III) show high-temperature stability in graphite. Although the diffusion loss of uranium is not negligible above 2100°C, no loss was detected from a small graphite pin heated for four hours at 2050°C; under the same conditions, about 50% of the plutonium was lost. The possible significance of these measurements to high-temperature reactor design is discussed briefly.