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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
J. C. Helton, J. W. Garner, M. G. Marietta, R. P. Rechard, D. K. Rudeen, P. N. Swift
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 114 | Number 4 | August 1993 | Pages 286-331
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE93-A24041
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results obtained in a preliminary performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico are presented. The most appropriate conceptual model for performance assessment at the WIPP is believed to include gas generation due to corrosion and microbial action in the repository and a dual-porosity (matrix and fracture porosity) representation for solute transport in the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation. Under these assumptions, complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) summarizing radionuclide releases to the accessible environment due to both cuttings removal and groundwater transport fall substantially below the release limits promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is the case even when the current estimates of the uncertainty in analysis inputs are included. Performance assessment results are dominated by cuttings removal. The releases to the accessible environment due to groundwater transport make very small contributions to the total release. The variability in the distribution of CCDFs that must be considered in comparisons with the EPA release limits is dominated by the rate constant in the Poisson model for drilling intrusions. The variability in releases to the accessible environment due to cuttings removal is dominated by drill bit diameter. For a single borehole, whether or not a release due to groundwater transport from the repository to the Culebra occurs is controlled by Salado halite permeability, with no releases for small values (i.e., <5 × 10−21 m2). Further, releases that do reach the Culebra for larger values of halite permeability are small and usually do not reach the accessible environment. A potentially important scenario for the WIPP involves two or more boreholes through the same waste panel, of which at least one penetrates a pressurized brine pocket and at least one does not. For these scenarios, the uncertainty in release to the Culebra due to groundwater transport is dominated by borehole permeability, brine pocket pressure, and the solubilities for individual elements (i.e., americium, neptunium, plutonium, thorium, uranium). Once a release reaches the Culebra, matrix distribution coefficients for the individual elements are important, with releases to the Culebra often failing to reach the accessible environment over the 10 000-yr period specified in the EPA regulations.
