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First astatine-labeled compound shipped in the U.S.
The Department of Energy’s National Isotope Development Center (NIDC) on March 31 announced the successful long-distance shipment in the United States of a biologically active compound labeled with the medical radioisotope astatine-211 (At-211). Because previous shipments have included only the “bare” isotope, the NIDC has described the development as “unleashing medical innovation.”
J. C. Helton, J. W. Garner, M. G. Marietta, R. P. Rechard, D. K. Rudeen, P. N. Swift
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 114 | Number 4 | August 1993 | Pages 286-331
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE93-A24041
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis results obtained in a preliminary performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico are presented. The most appropriate conceptual model for performance assessment at the WIPP is believed to include gas generation due to corrosion and microbial action in the repository and a dual-porosity (matrix and fracture porosity) representation for solute transport in the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation. Under these assumptions, complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) summarizing radionuclide releases to the accessible environment due to both cuttings removal and groundwater transport fall substantially below the release limits promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is the case even when the current estimates of the uncertainty in analysis inputs are included. Performance assessment results are dominated by cuttings removal. The releases to the accessible environment due to groundwater transport make very small contributions to the total release. The variability in the distribution of CCDFs that must be considered in comparisons with the EPA release limits is dominated by the rate constant in the Poisson model for drilling intrusions. The variability in releases to the accessible environment due to cuttings removal is dominated by drill bit diameter. For a single borehole, whether or not a release due to groundwater transport from the repository to the Culebra occurs is controlled by Salado halite permeability, with no releases for small values (i.e., <5 × 10−21 m2). Further, releases that do reach the Culebra for larger values of halite permeability are small and usually do not reach the accessible environment. A potentially important scenario for the WIPP involves two or more boreholes through the same waste panel, of which at least one penetrates a pressurized brine pocket and at least one does not. For these scenarios, the uncertainty in release to the Culebra due to groundwater transport is dominated by borehole permeability, brine pocket pressure, and the solubilities for individual elements (i.e., americium, neptunium, plutonium, thorium, uranium). Once a release reaches the Culebra, matrix distribution coefficients for the individual elements are important, with releases to the Culebra often failing to reach the accessible environment over the 10 000-yr period specified in the EPA regulations.
