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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
M. M. R. Williams
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 146 | Number 2 | February 2004 | Pages 152-175
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE04-A2400
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The classic minimum critical mass problem, posed and solved by Goertzel using multigroup diffusion theory, is revisited and reformulated in terms of the two-group transport equation with isotropic scattering. A new variational principle is constructed from which it is possible to derive the conditions necessary for a minimum critical mass. This condition is that the angular thermal flux t([bold]r, [bold]) and a quantity t([bold]r, [bold]) related to the adjoint flux, must obey the constraint[integral]dt([bold]r, [bold])t([bold]r, [bold]) = constant.Contrary to the behavior noted in diffusion theory, this condition does not correspond to a flat thermal flux in the core. This is a major conclusion of the present work.To find the associated solutions, we develop a coupled set of integral equations for the components of the angular flux in the core. We then show that, for weakly absorbing moderators, the lowest order approximation to this set provides an accurate representation of the minimum mass conditions. It also emerges that the flat flux is a very good representation of the true flux. With the above assumptions, the problem reduces to that of solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind for the fuel mass distribution across the core. We solve this equation numerically for the case of an infinitely reflected, infinite slab and compare the results with those from diffusion theory. The transport theory results show one very interesting and important feature, namely, a steep rise in fuel concentration as the boundary is approached which goes to infinity at the boundary. This is in contrast to the diffusion theory result which requires an ad hoc addition of surface delta functions for a solution to exist. Thus we come to the conclusion that the increased surface concentration of fuel is a natural consequence of transport theory but not of diffusion theory. This is the second major conclusion of this work. Detailed numerical results are presented for 235U-graphite and 235U-water mixtures.
